Can the European Charter of Fundamental Rights Be Viewed as Essay

Can the European Charter of Fundamental Rights Be Viewed as Revolutionary in Relation to the Recognition of Human Rights Under E - Essay Example Bilen examines the establishment of the European charter on the European Union; he states that the charter purpose is making the European citizens aware of their fundamental rights. Bilen further states that the establishment of the European charter and incorporating it into the European legal system created a sense of sanity n the Europe legal system which faced objection s from time to time from their member states (2005, p.4). The charter was drafted using numerous international human rights instruments; the charter does provide a modern and broader protection for the European citizens. The European Union member states use the charter in improving the protection of rights throughout the union. This is achieved by the enhancement of public awareness of the basic rights. The charter narrows the gap between the citizens and the remote institutions of the union. The rights covered by the charter include the rights to life, prohibition of torture, the right to liberty and security. Oth er rights covered include the right to respect family life, and privacy, freedom of thought freedom of assembly, expression and the freedom of association, the right to marry, prohibition to discrimination and a right to an effective remedy (Bilen, 2005, p.11). The European charter ensures that the rights are adhered to by supervising the European courts of human rights; the main principle of the European Law is ensuring that there is the protection of the fundamental human rights. Therefore, the European charter in its purpose to making the rights visible to its citizen’s aims at two things: the first is to strengthen and deepen the culture of rights and responsibilities in the European Union. The charter as a document that proclaims the existing rights if the citizens has a powerful effects in reinforcing in the minds of administrators, the government, and law enforcers the rights the European citizens are entitled to and needs to respect them. The second aim of the charter it declares the rights, freedoms and principles of the union. This declaration unveils the indefinites’ on protection of human rights (Bilen, 2005, p.23). The charter fits the description of being a revolutionary documentary in that it does denote the European Union as an entity built upon the citizen. It reflects n the rights and freedoms of the citizen and emphasises on the rights of the citizen that should not be overrun by collective welfare claims or national concern. The charter creates a union among the Europeans in the sense that the citizens share a peaceful future based on common moral values (European Union, 2010, p.83). In view of the changing society, social progresses scientific and technological developments the European Union utilise the charter as a tool to maintaining the visibility of the human rights. In an effort, to ensure that the fundamental rights of the European citizens is protected the charter has seen the establishment of a commission of human ri ghts, a court of human rights, and a committee of Ministers of the council of Europe. Each of these departments has a role in ensuring the protection of

Citizen United vs. Federal Election Essay Example for Free

Citizen United vs. Federal Election Essay Analyze the arguments presented in the â€Å"Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission† case to determine which arguments you find the most persuasive. Explain both your rationale and the probable impact of the outcome of this case on corporate governance moving forward. Prof Armstrong I must agree with the argument of Justice Stevens.In the context of election to public office, the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant. Although they make enormous contributions to our society, corporations are not actually members of it. They cannot vote or run for office. His argument was based on the distinction between corporate and human speakers. I feel that because corporations contribute a vast amount of money to political candidates for election they believe they have the right to dictate our countries policies. The breakdown of this argument basically shows the more Money you have (Corporations) the greater your Power (voice) in the political arena. (Halbert, T., Ingulli, E., 2012 p. 34). The breakdown of this argument basically shows the more Money you have the greater your Power (voice) in the political arena. From the e-Activity, discuss ways in which the company you researched could leverage corporate social responsibility as a competitive strategy. Provide specific examples to support your response. I believe this argument fits in well with my discussion on the attempted merger between ATT and T-Mobile. According to the wall street journal ATT is one of the top 10 companies to give political contributions in the current election cycle (2012). The donations include monies give to political parties, candidates, and political action committees. ATT attempted to gain a monopoly in the telecommunications arena by merging with their small competitors. The more money you have the deeper you power and influence over politics. Sources: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/02/corporate-political-donations_n_1644375.html Halbert T., Ingulli, E. (2012). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. (7th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Biography of Mark Twain Essay -- biography biographies bio

Biography of Mark Twain Mark Twain was a writer whose works revolved around his childhood experiences growing up on the Mississippi River. The main source of his writing was the time he spent in Hannibal, Missouri as a young boy. He also used his childhood friends in many of his work, such as modeling the character Sid in Huck Finn after his brother Henry. Twain also used the happy times in his life to express his feeling in his writings. Twain used the trials of his life to make his works humorous and all-time American classics. Twain's life began in the sleepy town of Florida, Missouri. After a few years of living in Florida, Twain's family packed up and moved to Hannibal, Missouri, about 30 miles away from Florida. Hannibal is where most of Twain's thoughts turned into his writings. Hannibal was a small town of 50 people and 3 stores when the Twain family moved in (Foner 16). By the end of the decade it boasted 1,034 persons, a newspaper, a cigar factory, a whisky distillery, and several slaughter houses (16). The key to Hannibal's growth was the main source of Twain's writings the Mississippi River- "the great Mississippi, the magnificent Mississippi, rolling its mile wide tide along" (16). While in Hannibal the young Twain led a life like any other young boy. He played with friends, went swimming, and of course went to school. But tragedy struck while Mark was only 12 years old: his father passed away. Six years later Twain left Hannibal on May 27, 1853 (21). In the autograph album of one of his girl fr iends, he bade his farewell to Hannibal: "Good-by, good-by, I bid you now, my friend: And though 'tis hard to say the word, to destiny I bend" (21). Twain was four years old when he was brought to Hannibal; he was eight... ...cluding Twain himself. In closing Twain was a writer that took in surroundings and somehow turned them into some of the greatest books in the world; such as his life in Hannibal, working as a river boat pilot, fighting in the civil war, moving to Nevada, and his lectures during 1868 -- 69. All of these events in his life somewhat effected the writing style he used. Twain also used these times in his life to make his writings humorous to his public. Twain didn't write stories that were complicated because he was a fairly "laid back" guy. This style that Twain used was one that anybody could understand or relate to. This is why Twain's name will live on and on for generations. Bibliography: Foner, Philip., Mark Twain Social Critic. New York: International Publishers, 1981 Twain, Mark., The Autobiography of Mark Twain. New York: Harper and Row, 1959

Cause and Effect of the Water Wheel :: essays research papers

A water wheel changes the energy of falling water into mechanical energy that can be used for machines. The water is directed into the wheel through a tube. The wheel is placed on an axle, which is connected by gearing with the machine it is to operate. There are two types of water wheels, vertical and horizontal. The vertical wheels has an overshot and a undershot. The overshot water wheel has buckets around its edge. Water is delivered to the top of the wheel. The weight of the water falling into the buckets makes the wheel turn. An overshot water wheel has a very good chance of working with a 80 percent efficiency rate. That means, it may turn as much as 80 percent of the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Though, its use is limited to making small amounts of power. The undershot water wheel is built so the water hits the blades at the bottom of the wheel. The power of the wheel depends on the speed of the water hits the blades. The undershot wheel has such a low efficien cy that it is rarely used. Most modern water wheels are horizontal. A horizontal wheel rotates on a vertical shaft. It is driven by the force of the water hitting the blades on one side of the wheel. Horizontal wheels are very efficient if made correctly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my experiment I made an vertical undershot waterwheel. For the base of the waterwheel I cut off 8 centimeters of the bottom of a milk jug. Then out of the top of the jug I cut four triangles, four squares and four circles out for the fins of the waterwheel. After that I thumb tacked the 4 triangles to a cork. Put a hole at the end of each side of the cork and glued a skewer in each side for an axis. Then I cut a hole at each side of the base and put the skewers with the cork suspended in the middle. Then I put a 2 inch x 2 inch piece of clay shaped as circles on each side of the skewer. That’s how I got my waterwheel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my experiment I didn’t use electricity instead I measured the rate at which a water wheel lifts a weight. Doing this determined the speed at which the water wheel spins. For a weight I used a penny that was taped to a string which was wrapped around the clay. Cause and Effect of the Water Wheel :: essays research papers A water wheel changes the energy of falling water into mechanical energy that can be used for machines. The water is directed into the wheel through a tube. The wheel is placed on an axle, which is connected by gearing with the machine it is to operate. There are two types of water wheels, vertical and horizontal. The vertical wheels has an overshot and a undershot. The overshot water wheel has buckets around its edge. Water is delivered to the top of the wheel. The weight of the water falling into the buckets makes the wheel turn. An overshot water wheel has a very good chance of working with a 80 percent efficiency rate. That means, it may turn as much as 80 percent of the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Though, its use is limited to making small amounts of power. The undershot water wheel is built so the water hits the blades at the bottom of the wheel. The power of the wheel depends on the speed of the water hits the blades. The undershot wheel has such a low efficien cy that it is rarely used. Most modern water wheels are horizontal. A horizontal wheel rotates on a vertical shaft. It is driven by the force of the water hitting the blades on one side of the wheel. Horizontal wheels are very efficient if made correctly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my experiment I made an vertical undershot waterwheel. For the base of the waterwheel I cut off 8 centimeters of the bottom of a milk jug. Then out of the top of the jug I cut four triangles, four squares and four circles out for the fins of the waterwheel. After that I thumb tacked the 4 triangles to a cork. Put a hole at the end of each side of the cork and glued a skewer in each side for an axis. Then I cut a hole at each side of the base and put the skewers with the cork suspended in the middle. Then I put a 2 inch x 2 inch piece of clay shaped as circles on each side of the skewer. That’s how I got my waterwheel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my experiment I didn’t use electricity instead I measured the rate at which a water wheel lifts a weight. Doing this determined the speed at which the water wheel spins. For a weight I used a penny that was taped to a string which was wrapped around the clay.

Memo of Marketing Strategy Essay

Like water to fish, the basic reasons that determine the development of a company is called general environment, which includes: demographic reasons, cultural trends, economic climate, legal and political condition, specific international events, and technological change. General environment can be a threat or opportunity for companies, it depends on how deeply companies understand and make use of it. When companies can know the general environment they are facing, they will change their products and services in accordance with the culture they are facing. If companies do not understand the environment very well, they will lose a large sum of money. From my perspective, the three dimensions below are most vital. As for demographic reasons, it contains the attributes of individuals in terms of age, sex, marital status, income, ethnicity and other personal characteristics that may affect consuming patterns. In order to make money, knowing the demographic features of the areas are crucial. Since the new entrant Wall Street Deli is opening a few blocks away, it is necessary for us to keep our business information as a secret. Our advantage is that we have been in this area a long time, we know exactly what our customers’ attributes. Besides, economic climate has a remarkable influence on the business. American economy is in recession now, so Hometown Deli has to think of some ways to stimulate consuming. They can do some discounts like dinner specials or buy two and get one free. Next, the technology can be beneficial to firms but also creates threats, as technological changes force the restaurant to think of new technological strategies. When people are waiting in line, the restaurant can provide some services like upgrading customers’ electronic devices system. They can also provide some competitions for customers to play games in case they got bored. The Porter’s Five Forces Model indicates five most common threats faced by the firms in their local competitive environments. These are threat of entry, threat of rivalry, threat of buyers, threat of substitutes and threat of suppliers. Wall Street Deli is a threat of entry to Hometown Deli, the former may reduce the profits of the latter. In addition, when Hometown Deli cannot keep their competitive advantage and satisfy customers, Wall street Deli provides superior services, the former will lose as soon as possible. The rivalry influences Hometown Deli by fierce competitions and will reduce their profits. Plus, when the supplier Hometown Deli fails to satisfy buyers, customers will not consume and fire it. If the substitute Wall Street Deli offers approximately same or superior services and products than Hometown Deli, the former will not acquire their customers and profits. For Porter’s performance, Hometown Deli manages to use the cost of leadership strategy by gaining more market share in the price war. The firm sells their product either at average prices or lower prices than their rivals. They also use efficient distribution channels or mature services and products to make more profits. Another one is differentiation strategy. By creating unique products and services, the firms can attract more customers. They should be a leader of the scientific research, have a highly creative and skilled product development team, strong sales ability and influential reputation for innovation and quality. What is more, the strategy concentrates on achieving cost advantage and differentiation by developing their strengths and occupying narrow markets. By the way, it is not rational to exploit the three strategies at the same time, since no business can do everything well. Based on the markets and environment, firms should adopt different strategies. For Hometown Deli, it is essential to keep their recipe as a secret and provide same or even better services than they used to have.

Brady Act Background Checks, History, and Application

Brady Act Background Checks, History, and Application The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act is perhaps the most controversial federal gun control law enacted since the Gun Control Act of 1968, and several events in the U.S. led to its creation and enactment. In an effort to deny guns to those who would misuse them, it requires firearms dealers to perform an automated background check on prospective buyers of all rifles, shotguns or handguns. Brady Bill History On March 30, 1981, 25-year old John W. Hinckley, Jr. tried to impress actress Jodi Foster by assassinating President Ronald Reagan with a .22 caliber pistol. While he accomplished neither, Hinckley did manage to wound President Reagan, a District of Columbia police officer, a Secret Service agent, and White House Press Secretary James S. Brady. While he survived the attack, Brady remains partially disabled. Driven largely by the reaction to the assassination attempt and Mr. Bradys injuries, the Brady Act was passed, requiring background checks on all persons attempting to purchase a firearm. These background checks must be performed or applied by federally licensed firearms dealers (FFLs). NICS: Automating the Background Checks Part of the Brady Act required the Department of Justice to establish the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) which can be accessed by any licensed firearms dealer by telephone or any other electronic means for immediate access to any criminal information on prospective gun purchasers. Data is fed into the NICS by the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and state, local, and other federal law enforcement agencies. Who Cannot Buy a Gun? Between 2001 and 2011, the FBI reports that over 100 million Brady Act background checks were performed, resulting in more than 700,000 gun purchases being denied. People who may be prohibited from purchasing a firearm as a result of data obtained from the NICS background check include: Convicted felons and people under indictment for a felonyFugitives from justiceUnlawful drug users or drug addictsIndividuals who have been determined to be mentally incompetentIllegal aliens and legal aliens admitted under a non-immigrant visaIndividuals who have been dishonorably discharged from the militaryPeople who have renounced their American citizenshipPeople under domestic violence restraining ordersPeople convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence crimes Note: Under current federal law, being listed on the FBI Terrorist Watchlist as a suspected or confirmed terrorist is not grounds for denial of a firearm purchase. Possible Outcomes of a Brady Act Background Check A Brady Act gun buyer background check can have five possible outcomes. Immediate Proceed: The check found no disqualifying information in the NICS and the sale or transfer can proceed subject to state-imposed waiting periods or other laws. Of the 2,295,013 NICS checks done during the first seven months the Brady Act was enforced, 73% resulted in an Immediate Proceed. The average processing time was 30 seconds.Delay: The FBI determined that data not immediately available in the NICS needs to be found. Delayed background checks are typically completed in about two hours.Default Proceed: When a National Instant Criminal Background Check System check cannot be completed electronically (5% of all checks), the FBI must identify and contact state and local law enforcement officials. The Brady act allows the FBI three business days to complete a background check. If the check cannot be completed within three business days, the sale or transfer may be completed although potentially disqualifying information might exist in the NICS. The dealer is not required to complete the sale and the FBI will continue to review the case for two more weeks. If the FBI discovers disqualifying information after three business days, they will contact the dealer to determine whether or not the gun was transferred under the default proceed rule. Firearm Retrieval: When the FBI finds that a dealer has transferred a gun to a prohibited person due to a default proceed situation, local law enforcement agencies, and ATF are notified and an attempt is made to retrieve the gun and take appropriate action, if any, against the buyer. During the first seven months, the NICS was in operation, 1,786 such firearms retrievals were initiated.Denial of Purchase: When the NICS check returns disqualifying information on the buyer, the gun sale is denied. During the first seven months of NICS operation, the FBI blocked 49,160 gun sales to disqualified people, a denial rate of 2.13 percent. The FBI estimates that a comparable number of sales were blocked by participating state and local law enforcement agencies. Typical Reasons for Denial of Gun Purchases During the first seven months in which Brady Act gun buyer background checks were performed, the reasons for denial of gun purchases broke down as follows: 76 percent - Criminal history of a felony8 percent - Criminal history of domestic violence6 percent - Criminal history of other offenses (multiple DUIs, non-NCIC warrants, etc.)3 percent - Criminal history of drug abuse3 percent - Domestic violence restraining orders What About the Gun Show Loophole? While the Brady Act has blocked more than three million gun sales to prohibited purchasers since taking effect in 1994, gun control advocates contend that up to 40 percent of gun sales occur in â€Å"no questions asked† transactions that often take place over the Internet or at gun shows where, in most states, background checks are not required. As a result of this so-called â€Å"gun show loophole,† the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence estimates that about 22% of all gun sales nationwide are not subjected to Brady background checks. In an effort to close the loophole, the Fix Gun Checks Act of 2015 (H.R. 3411) was introduced in the House of Representatives on July 29, 2015. The bill, sponsored by Rep. Jackie Speier (D-Calif.), would require Brady Act background checks for all gun sales including sales made over the Internet and at gun shows. Since 2013, six states have enacted similar laws.

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde Because they can both mean from, the Spanish prepositions desde and de are easily confused. And the fact that they sometimes are interchangeable - for example, both de aquà ­ al centro and desde aquà ­ al centro can be used for from here to downtown. - doesnt help matters. When to Use Desde However, as a general rule, it can be said that desde more strongly indicates motion from a location. To give two examples, desde commonly would be used in sentences such as Echà ³ el libro desde el coche (he threw the book from the car) and Corrià ³ desde la playa (he ran from the beach). It can similarly be used where the emphasis is on the original location rather than the destination. Desde also is used with other prepositions: desde arriba (from above), desde dentro (from inside), desde abajo (from underneath). Note that these phrases tend to indicate motion from the specified area. It is also common with time phrases. When to Use De There are numerous cases where de, not desde, must be used to translate from. Many of those are instances wherein the translation of can be substituted for from, even if awkwardly. Examples: Soy de los Estados Unidos. (Im from the United States. Im of the United States.) Sacà ³ el dinero de la bolsa. (She took the money from the purse. She took the money of the purse.) Sometimes the preposition por can be used to mean from: Est debilitado por hambre. (He is weak from hunger.) Sample Sentences Using De and Desde To Mean 'From' You can see more about how these prepositions are used in these sentences: Desde aquà ­ se ve todos los sitios turà ­sticos. (From here all the tourist sites are seen. Here, the emphasis is on the place to be in order to see the sites.)Desde siempre he sabido que la mà ºsica era algo muy importante. Since forever I have known that music is something very important. Desde siempre is a fairly common time phrase.)Esculpià ³ la estatua de piedra muy cara. (She sculpted the statue from very expensive stone. From in the translation could substitute for of.)Desde hace un aà ±o hasta dos meses, mi amiga estaba a cargo de la programacià ³n de la red. (From a year ago until two months ago, my friend was in charge of network programming. This is another example of desde in a time expression.) ¡Encuentra excelentes ofertas de vuelos desde Nueva York a Ciudad de Mà ©xico y ahorra con el mejor precio! (Find excellent sales of flights from New York to Mexico City and save with the best price! The flight involves motion from New York City.)El actor famoso dijo que sufrià ³ de depresion y adicciones. (The famous actor said he suffered from depression and addictions. De is used for from when the preposition is used to state the cause of something.) Mi novio es de un familia rica. (My boyfriend is from a rich family. From here could be substituted with of.)El presidente vivià ³ de 1917 a 1962. (The president lived from 1917 to 1962. De is used with the time element.)

Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essays

Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essays Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essay Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essay Vermifuges opposition is a cardinal issue within the veterinary field, to a great extent impacting carnal public assistance and the agricultural industries. ( Wolstenholme, Fairweather et Al. 2004 ) . Vermifuges are used as preventives and for the intervention of assorted parasites in animate beings, ruminants being the largest group, which the drugs mark. Of the many categories of vermifuges used there are three major categories used in the intervention and control of GI roundworms in sheep ; benzimidazoles / pro-benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles/ tetrahydropyrimidines and avermectins/milbemycins. Each of these drugs categories have different mechanisms of action but all consequence merely the parasite holding minimum consequence on the host. This issue is of import when the weights of animate beings is unknown and an over dosage may be given. ( Urquhart 1996 ) . The category benzimidazoles/ pro-benzimidazoles consist of fenbendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole and other similar moving drugs. They target a protein ( beta tubulin ) distributed within microtubules, and both plasma and mitochondrial membranes. These aid the formation of farther microtubules, which in bend consequences in a decrease in glucose consumption and protein secernment, taking to decease by famishment. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . This group chiefly effects nematodes including their eggs and has a low, sometimes negligible toxicity to the host. ( Urquhart 1996 ; Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . Resistance against vermifuges occurs the most extensively within this category. Imidazothiazoles/ tetrahydropyrimidines include four chief drugs levamisole, pyrantel, morantel and tetramisole. ( Urquhart 1996 ) . Levamisole is one of the chief drugs used against roundworms in sheep, as it has a broad spectrum of activity against different species, nevertheless it is non ovicidal. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . In both the host and nematode the drug acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. ( Urquhart 1996 ) . This means the parasite is paralysed and expelled fleetly. As the host is targeted besides, side consequence can include hyperactivity for a short period after dosing and increased cellular activity. Unlike benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles can hold a toxicity effects from nervus ganglia stimulation. Death can happen in extreme over doses. Both pyrantel and morantel act as selective agonists, copying the action of acetylcholine. This consequences in a speedy palsy and ejection of the worms via gut vermiculation. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . Imid azothiazoles tend to hold a short action and can be used against other helminth groups. The last group of vermifuges used for nematode control in sheep, are the avermectins/milbemycins, besides known as macrocyclic lactones. Avermectins include ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin, where as milbemycin and moxidectin make up the milbemycins group. The two bomber groups differ in their construction make up but are both effectual against a wide spectrum of activity against roundworms and other arthropods. Even at low doses the drugs are good absorbed systemically remaining within the host for a figure of hebdomads after disposal. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ; Urquhart 1996 ) . However due to this drawn-out life, it is indispensable that the animate being is withdrawn from nutrient production subsequent to any interventions, although eprinomectin can non be given to breastfeeding herd. The mechanism of this group is non wholly known but it is thought that they act on glutamate gated chloride conductance channels at the neuromuscular junction. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . The overall consequence is flaccid palsy of the bodily muscualture, which in bend inhibits feeding actvity. Increased use of any of the anthelminthic categories can take to a physique up of opposition. Resistance can originate within a nematode population, when the frequence of persons which can defy the action of the drug given, additions. The survival trait is so inherited by the roundworms progeny developing the opposition farther. Numerous signifiers of opposition depend on the manner of action of the drug. For illustration, side and cross-resistance where the choice for a drug occurs from holding the same or different manner of action of another. Multiple oppositions can come about when roundworms are opposition to two or more different vermifuges groups. ( Prichard, Hall et al. 1980 ) . Resistance normally is a consequence of an addition in the frequence of the anthelminthic, nevertheless, it can besides be selected when the drug is administered at a low frequence over a longer period of clip. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) For illustration, it was found on the islands of Greece that sheep dosed merely two or three times yearly, still incurred opposition over a figure of old ages. ( Coles, Papadopoulos et Al. 1995 ) The rate at which the opposition builds up depends on several facets. The most important include the frequence of worms in refugia, the figure of of course immune worms within the untreated host population and the survival ability of the opposition worms when faced with a drug onslaught. ( Coles 2005 ) . Geneticss besides play a cardinal function in finding the rate of opposition. As with any trait if the cistron is dominant it will be passed on to progeny at a faster rate than if the cistron was recessionary. This has been seen within the opposition cistrons of Haemonchus contortus, against both levamisole and ivermectin, where they demonstrate either a recessive or a dominant nature, severally. ( Sangster, Redwin et Al. 1998 ; Le Jambre, Gill et al. 2000 ) When dosing animate beings, the drug should choose for the dominantly familial resistant worms intending the recessively familial resistant worms will last. This will cut down the rate at which opposition occurs. ( Prichard 1990 ) Many of the GI roundworms have built up either individual or multiple signifiers of opposition against the drugs used for intervention and control. The mechanism against each of the categories differs, due to the manner of action of the drugs themselves. As Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubrifoemis are used to show the opposition of mechanism benzimidazole. The immune cistrons occur from two separate beta tubulin loci isotype-1 where allelomorphs are lost. ( Roos, Kwa et Al. 1995 ) There are a figure of trials that can be used to show opposition, runing from fecal egg count decrease trial ( FECRT ) to PCR. Trials can be specific to a category of vermifuges or used with any of the groups. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Trials fall three chief classs ; public presentation based, in vivo and in vitro. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ; Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) A combination of epidemiological and public presentation ratings can be utilised to observe anthelminthic opposition. Livestock weights can be used as indexs for worm loads, as weight addition diminutions if there is a heavy infection. This is seen with sheep infected with gastrointsetinal roundworms, particulary with lambs where weight falls prior to any clinical symptons. ( Coop, Sykes et Al. 1977 ) There are two methods used which rely on weight addition or loss. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . Although in New Zealand, Teladorsagia spp was found to hold developed less opposition to intervention, when the heaviest 15 % of lambs were elminated from dosing during the graze season. ( Leathwick, Miller et al. 2006 ) This implies that the heavier lambs are of course infected with the parasite from the grazing land, and accordingly weight addition lessenings. As parasites are exposed less to the anthelminthic, opposition patterned advance slows. To quanitify this techneque, energy deposition and consumption are calucated.Environmental factors are taken into history when ciphering the energy. ( Greer, Kenyon et Al. 2009 ) As environmental factors are taken into history, intervention efficaciousness values can be applied throughout the twelvemonth, within and out of the graze season.Individuals are so predicted their weight addition and intervention is given whether or non weight addition is expected. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . In vivo trial are any which require the carnal itself and include fecal egg decrease trials, critical vermifuges trials and the controlled vermifuges efficaciousness trial. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) FECRT can be used on any of course infected carnal casting fecal roundworm eggs, against any anthelminthic. Faecal egg counts are taken prior to intervention and once more one time intervention is administered. A comparing can so be made to find whether the egg counts are affected by the anthelminthic. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . The clip between disposal and mensurating the fecal egg count can change, depending on the drug used. For illustration if levismisole or morantel are given the FECRT should be conducted seven yearss after intervention as the drugs are fast moving. However if a benzimidazole is administered, egg counts should be performed eight to ten yearss after the intervention. This group of drugs along with the avermectins/ milbemycins, has a impermanent sterilising action on female worms intending the females can non bring forth eggs. ( Coles 2003 ) When an avermectin is administered the sheep should be left for about two and half hebdomads. If all three groups are t ested for at one time attention demands to be taken, as if the fecal counts are left until three hebdomads after intervention so larvae caught station disposal may develop into mature grownups. ( Coles 2005 ) To number the figure of existent eggs found in sheep fecal matters, the McMaster method affecting centrifuging and repairing slides, can be used, nevertheless a more convenient on-farm method has been developed. The FECPAK uses a system of thining the fecal mixture and adding a salt solution, eventually being sieved to be so fixed on the slide. The technique tests nematode eggs to a sensitiveness of 30 eggs per gm, although, it is non every bit sensitive as the research lab method. ( Coles 2003 ) . The cardinal advantage to this technique is that it non merely has an on-farm FECRT, but it works with all of the anthelminthic groups. ( Coles 2005 ) It can be besides used as an index of what type of anthelminthic flock government should be practiced ( Leathwick, Waghorn et Al. 2006 ) .However, the trial merely reviews the figure of eggs found in fecal matters samples. The vermifuges efficaciousness will non be an accurate representation of the true figure of worms, including larvae, populating in the host. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . In most species of roundworms this is the instance, although it has been found that Haemonchus contortus bears a strong correlativity between its fecal egg counts and true worm loads. ( Sangster, Whitlock et Al. 1979 ; Chalmers 1985 ) . In countries where multiple species of worm infections occur, the high worm and egg production of Haemonchus contortus can mask Numberss of other worms such as Teladorsagia circumcincta, which has a lower egg produ ction rate but still may hold a degree of opposition. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . Resistance ideally needs to be detected at the early phases to avoid it distributing across the flock population. ( Sangster and Gill 1999 ) Although FECPAK is available on the market, most FECRT require research lab analysis, so the consequence takes clip to be evaluated. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . Within the period in which the husbandman may be expecting the analysis, the flock may endure if the worm load is big. The husbandman will non may non merely lose stock but the finicky costs of intervention may increase. Resistance is detected if either of the followers are established ; the 95 % confident interval degree peers or is less than 90 % , and if the egg count decrease is less than 95 % . ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . The critical anthelminthic trial has a strong advantage of that, although few animate beings are used, they act as their ain control. The process compares the figure of worms present station intervention to the figure in the animate beings post slaughter review. Faecal samples are taken for a lower limit of four yearss after the drug is administered. Both the residuary worm Numberss and the efficaciousness per centum are so determined. ( Gordon 1950 ) . The chief disadvantage of this trial nevertheless, is that it the worm Numberss can merely of all time be estimated as roundworms found in the GI piece of land of sheep undergo a grade of digestion. ( Reinecke 1962 ) . The trial is both clip and labor consuming, intending the consequences are non instant for finding the needed intervention. ( Johansen 1989 ) . The last in vivo trial, which can find anthelminthic opposition, is the controlled anthelminthic efficaciousness trial. Animals here are unnaturally infected with roundworms that are suspected of being opposition to specific drugs. The anthelminthic activity of all phases of the parasite development can be evaluated by butchering the hosts at different intervals post-treatment. ( Reinecke 1962 ) . Resistance is found when the figure of worms, which survived the intervention, is greater than a 1000 or if the decrease figure is less than 90 % . Normally ranges of anthelminthic doses are used, intending dose-response parametric quantities can be determined. Although assorted parasites can used with this technique, in bred lines of animate beings are normally used to extinguish any single prejudice. A major disadvantage with this trial is that it requires skilled personal to execute station mortem scrutiny, connoting that it can non be routinely used for sensing of anthelminthic opposition. ( Johansen 1989 ) . In vitro techniques are one those conducted in the research lab. These techneques exploit physiological traits of the roundworm such as growing, motion and development. ( Conder and Campbell 1995 ) . Compared to in vivo techneques, in vitro are cheaper, utilizing fewer animate beings and chemicals to prove are big sample. Non-bias reproduction can be performed, with hastiness, to measure the efficaciousness and opposition of drugs. However in general, labaoraory surveies are do non resemnle field conditions, intending the drug may interact otherwise with the parasite and host. ( Sangster and Gill 1999 ) . The egg hatch trial is the most common in vitro trial, specifically observing the opposition of benzimidazoles. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . There are legion methods which can be used, all trusting on the vermifuge s ovicidal trait and for the eggs to hold a grade of opposition. The development of the eggs is depressed within the early phases of development due to the larvae going non-compliment to the anthelminthic ovicidal action. ( Lejambre 1976 ) . The technique was foremost illustrated by Le Jambre ( 1976 ) . Fresh sheep fecal matters incorporating roundworm eggs are collected. This is one of the disadvantages, as when applied on the field, fecal samples may non be excreted within three hours, which is what defines a sample as fresh. If this is non executable samples may be stored anaerobically. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . A cardinal advantage of this method if that merely one fecal sample is needed. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . Once the facecal samples are collected, egg are deposited into welled home bases and a graduation of anthelminthic concentrations are added. Using assorted concentrations prevents more than 50 % of the eggs hatching. Eggs are than incubated and so put through a procedure of I lavation. The dosage needed to kill 50 % of the eggs is so calculated. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . The discrimintating dosage is can besides be calculated. This prevents 99 % of the eggs hatching and hence any eggs that do hatch are immune to the drug. 0.1mg per milliliter of thiabendazole has been found to be the discriminating dosage for Haemonchus contorus, T. Circumcincta and Trichostrongylus. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Although merely one sample of fecal matters is needed, undeveloped eggs are needed for the nosologies. ( Coles and Simpkin 1977 ) Newer benzimidazoles, such as fenbendazole, have a lower solubility, which reduces their ovicidal action. The egg hatch trial, hence, can non be used to research opposition of some specific drugs. This can present as a job as the new found benzimidazoles are normally used in pattern. ( Lacey and Prichard 1986 ) . Although this is a important disadvantage of the method, thiabendazole ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) , which can be used in the trial, has demonstrated to hold side opposition wth other benzimidazoles, so any opposition found in thiabendazole may be applied to other drugs of this category. ( Martin, Anderson et Al. 1985 ) Another concern of the egg hatch trial occurs during the numeration of the eggs. Larvae, embryonated eggs and simple larvae are counted to cipher about the effects of the drug. Merely a little proportion of the embryonated eggs of the vulnerable roundworms, hatched. The proportion that hatched decreased when the drug concentration increased. However, when looking at the immune strains, the bulk of the eggs hatched. When the per centum of the eggs that hatched is calculated, the opposition ratio will be lower, when compared to when the larvae or embryonated eggs are counted. The ratio of opposition is the egg count opposition to the egg count susceptibleness. ( Johansen 1989 ) Although the trial is fast, taking merely one to three yearss, European research lab egg hatch testings, frequently result in assorted decisions being drawn from the same population of Haemonchus contortus. The analysis established that the H2O samples, cleaniness and trying method used, differed. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Egg hatch trials are besides used utilizing levamisole, where the figure of hatches are counted to use any differences between both immune and vulnerable strains. Their rate of recovery from paralysed unhatched larvae to hatching is measured when exposed to the drug. ( Dobson, Donald et al. 1986 ) The check is faster than for benzimidazoles ; nevertheless, the levamisole trial is more labour demanding. ( Johansen 1989 ) . Both FECRT and the egg hatch trial merely demonstrate anthelminthic opposition when any bar methods are excessively late to implement. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . The larval palsy trial is used against levamisole and morantel opposition. ( Martin and Lejambre 1979 ) The technique involves L3 phase larvae being incubated within assorted dilutions of the vermifuges. Assorted reappraisals have been reported about this method, proposing both failures and success. The chief issue of concern is the dependability of th consequences and their relationship to the age of the larvae. ( Geerts, Brandt et Al. 1989 ; Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) This trial is known to back up in vivo method, as it is more sensitive than either FECRT and EHT, observing opposition in less than 10 % of worms. ( Dobson, Lejambre et Al. 1996 ) Another in vitro trial used to show anthelminthic opposition is the larval development check. This trial can measure a wider spectrum of categories integrating macrocyclic lactones, nevertheless it does necessitate more clip and labor so antecedently described trials. The trial involves exposure of the L1 larvae to assorted diltutions of drugs within agar home bases. The larvae are left to develop until the L3 phase is reached, and so later measured. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . When proving an infection with multiple roundworm species, the different species can be detected easy with this technique compared to other methods discussed. ( Johansen 1989 ) A more specific trial used in the sensing of anthelminthic reistance within Trichostrogylid is the grownup development trial. Unfortunately there are restrictions within the methodological analysis of the technique and so advancement is resitricted. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) The larval motility trial is used to place opposition within the two major categories of vermifuges, but fails to effectual with the sensing of levamisole opposition. ( Sangster, Riley et Al. 1988 ) . Again as the trial used complexed equipment, it can merely be applied to the labaortory and non used out in pattern. ( Conder and Campbell 1995 ) . The technique involves dosing the roundworms with dilutions of the anthelminthic drug, followed by the percebtage of the paralysed L3 phase larvae being calculated. Normally both a known susceptible and immune strain of the parsites are used for a comparing to be deduced. ( Johansen 1989 ) A cardinal advantage of this technique is the usage of L3 larave. These be acquired easy in big Numberss from faceal samples and abled to be stored for longer periods of clip. Unforuntaly the trial has some major drawbacks. The check is extremely dependent on clip, whereby any miscounted larvae can non be kept for future computations one time out of storage. ( Johansen 1989 ) . As the benzimidazole s mechanism is to adhere to beta tubulins, a technique has been developed to prove resistant utilizing this alone belongings of the drug. From either the grownup parasites, morbific larvae or egg, a rough infusion of tubulin is produced. Titrated benzimidazole ( with label ) is added, until an equilibrium is reached. ( Lacey and Snowdon 1988 ) . Charcocal is used to pull out the drug in its free signifier, go forthing the bound drug to the tubulin infusion withn the solotuion. An appraisal is so made with a complex liquid spectrometer. As predicted the tubulin from immune strains binds to fewer drug compounds than the more vulnerable strains. ( Johansen 1989 ) . An advantage of the tubulin bindning check, is that it relies on the biochemical traits of the drugs s mechanism. Compared to other in vitro techniques it used in a more dependable comparing with field based trials, every bit good as holding a speedy turnaround from the gathered sample to the consequence. However complexed research lab machines are still used by skilled workers, together with radioactive isotopes, necessitating specialised safety installations. ( Johansen 1989 ) . PCR, otherwise known as polymerase concatenation reaction trials, have been developed for benzimidazoles chiefly but research is trying to understand the molecular mechanism for levamisole and macrocylic lactones. To come on into any of the trial discusses above, a PCR will hold been conducted against the particlaur drug in usage. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . First, for a PCR trial to be conducted, DNA is extracted from the larvae. A specific concentration is needed per micro bath, as any varioation between them may take to incorrect DNA sequences being developed. For the peculiar acknowledgment of the benzimidazole, two consecutive PCRs are ran on the isotope beta tubulin, magnifying the Deoxyribonucleic acid. The species of parasite is so established by utilizing the this fragment analysis. For illustration Haemonchus contortu or T. Circumcincat may be found. This is a cardinal advantage of PCR, as with other trial the visual aspect of the species is used to set up its individuality PCR, hence used an accurate method of placing the species by its genome. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Following this designation, in entire four sets of primers are used, two being allele non-specific, the others being allele particular. Fragments are so produced, separating between either resistant or vulnerable homozygote strains. ( Coles, Jackson et A l. 2006 ) . When four primers of benzimidazole opposition were used, positive consequences were obtained with the parasite T.circumcinta. Similar consequences were found utilizing merely three immune primers with H. Contortus and T.colubriformis ( Silvestre and Humbert 2000 ) . When used in the field, the gathered sample will frequently be a assorted population of roundworms. The frequence of which the allelomorphs will happen will straight depend on the fraction of the roundworm within the entire population. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . The trial proves that both the homozygote and heterozygote allelomorphs are vulnerable to the drug, connoting that opposition arises from homozygous of the tyrosine. As benzimidazole opposition in Trichostrongylus is to a great extent researched utilizing this trial, it has been established that the resisatance occurred due to a mutant of phenylalanine to tyrosine of the isotope 1 cistron encoding for the beta tubulin. It was utilizing this footing that that the usage of PCR to observe drug opposition in gastro intestinal of sheep Cam about. Although in theory, this appears to be the most accurate, the mutants of parasite doing the drug resistant must be known. The greater the possibility of nematode mutating to go more residtant, such as within sheep, the more inaccurate PCR will go. Unfortunately, nevertheless, in some instances this is the lone opposition detection technique for some benzimidazoles. Compared to other trial available on the market, PCR is an expenisive trial to use to observe on-farm resisatnce. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Kwa M.S. , Veenstra, J.G. and Roos, M.H. , 1994. Benzimidazole opposition in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutant at amino acid 200 in B A ; z.eth ; -tubulin isotype 1. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 63, pp. 299-303 The most common molecular mechanism that confers BZ opposition in trichostrongyles in little ruminants involves a phenylalanine to tyrosine mutant at residue 200 of the isotype 1 b-tubulin cistron ( Kwa et al. , 1994, 1995 ; Elard et al. , 1996, 1999 ) . However, in add-on a similar mutant at codon 167 may be involved in BZ opposition in roundworms ( Prichard, 2001 ; Pape et al. , 2003 ) and there could be other specific mechanisms. Although ailing efficient, non-specific mechanisms such as drug conveyance may besides confabulate opposition ( Xu et al. , 1998 ; Kerboeuf et al. , 1999 ) and could even confabulate advantage to a worm when a fresh drug is introduced. The cardinal issue is that merely when a diagnosing based on utilizing pooled larval DNA samples can be obtained will it be possible to convey molecular immune proving to routine usage. Testing of representative Numberss of individual phases is prohibitively expensive. Besides the available molecular trials chiefly address opposition in species where the job is widespread and in some instances may be excessively common to warrant testing. Conclusion-8.3. coles-The sensing of anthelminthic opposition in roundworms of veterinary importance Larval development trial There are presently two larval development trials of involvement, the liquid based trial described by Hubert and Kerbouf ( 1992 ) and the agar based trial of Gill et al. ( 1995 ) . Is one easier to utilize than the other? Whilst they appear to work for BZs and LEV in ovine and equid roundworms they do non look to work with MLs and have non been produced for usage with bovine roundworms. As for the EHT big sums of informations demands to be collected before a SOP and its readings can be agreed. In peculiar the relationship needs to be determined between these standardised trials and the FECRT. Although the LDT will work for BZ opposition, it appears non to be as Chalmers, K. ( 1985 ) . Detection of Benzimidazole Resistant Nematodirus-Spathiger. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 33 ( 4 ) : 53-53. Kales, G. ( 2003 ) . Strategies to understate anthelminthic opposition in big carnal practice. In Practice 25 ( 8 ) : 494-499. Kales, G. C. ( 2005 ) . Anthelmintic resistance-looking to the hereafter: a UK perspective. Research in Veterinary Science 78 ( 2 ) : 99-108. Kales, G. C. , C. Bauer, et al. ( 1992 ) . World-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Veterinary-Parasitology ( Waavp ) Methods for the Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance in Nematodes of Veterinary Importance. Veterinary Parasitology 44 ( 1-2 ) : 35-44. Kales, G. C. , F. Jackson, et al. ( 2006 ) . The sensing of anthelminthic opposition in roundworms of veterinary importance. Veterinary Parasitology 136 ( 3-4 ) : 167-185. Kales, G. C. , E. Papadopoulos, et al. ( 1995 ) . Tubulin, Resistance and Worms. Parasitology Today 11 ( 5 ) : 183-184. Kales, G. C. and K. G. Simpkin ( 1977 ) . Resistance of Nematode Eggs to Ovicidal Activity of Benzimidazoles. Research in Veterinary Science 22 ( 3 ) : 386-387. Conder, G. A. and W. C. Campbell ( 1995 ) . Chemotherapy of Nematode Infections of Veterinary Importance, with Particular Reference to Drug-Resistance. Advances in Parasitology, Vol 35 35: 1-84. Coop, R. L. , A. R. Sykes, et al. ( 1977 ) . The consequence of a day-to-day consumption of Ostertagia circumcincta larvae on organic structure weight, nutrient consumption and concentration of serum components in sheep. Res Vet Sci 23 ( 1 ) : 76-83. Dobson, R. J. , A. D. Donald, et al. ( 1986 ) . An Egg-Hatch Assay for Resistance to Levamisole in Trichostrongyloid Nematode Parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 19 ( 1-2 ) : 77-84. Dobson, R. J. , L. Lejambre, et al. ( 1996 ) . Management of anthelminthic opposition: Inheritance of opposition and choice with relentless drugs. International Journal for Parasitology 26 ( 8-9 ) : 993-1000. Geerts, S. , J. Brandt, et al. ( 1989 ) . Reliability and Reproducibility of the Larval Paralysis Test as an Invitro Method for the Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance of Nematodes against Levamisole and Morantel Tartrate. Veterinary Parasitology 30 ( 3 ) : 223-232. Gordon, H. M. ( 1950 ) . Some facets of parasitic gastro-enteritis of sheep. Aust Vet J 26 ( 4 ) : 65-72. Greer, A. W. , F. Kenyon, et al. ( 2009 ) . Development and field rating of a determination support theoretical account for anthelminthic interventions as portion of a targeted selective intervention ( TST ) government in lambs. Veterinary parasitology 164 ( 1 ) : 12-20. Jabbar, A. , Z. Iqbal, et al. ( 2006 ) . Anthelmintic opposition: the province of drama revisited. Life Sci 79 ( 26 ) : 2413-31. Johansen, M. V. ( 1989 ) . An rating of techniques used for the sensing of anthelminthic opposition in nematode parasites of domestic livestock. Vet Res Commun 13 ( 6 ) : 455-66. Kenyon, F. , A. W. Greer, et al. ( 2009 ) . The function of targeted selective interventions in the development of refugia-based attacks to the control of GI roundworms of little ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology 164 ( 1 ) : 3-11. Kenyon, F. , A. W. Greer, et al. ( 2009 ) . The function of targeted selective interventions in the development of refugia-based attacks to the control of GI roundworms of little ruminants. Vet Parasitol 164 ( 1 ) : 3-11. Lacey, E. and R. K. Prichard ( 1986 ) . Interactions of Benzimidazoles ( Bz ) with Tubulin from Bz-Sensitive and Bz-Resistant Isolates of Haemonchus-Contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 19 ( 2 ) : 171-181. Lacey, E. and K. L. Snowdon ( 1988 ) . A Routine Diagnostic Assay for the Detection of Benzimidazole Resistance in Parasitic Nematodes Using Tritiated Benzimidazole Carbamates. Veterinary Parasitology 27 ( 3-4 ) : 309-324. Le Jambre, L. F. , J. H. Gill, et al. ( 2000 ) . Inheritance of avermectin opposition in Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology 30 ( 1 ) : 105-111. Leathwick, D. M. , C. M. Miller, et al. ( 2006 ) . Drenching grownup Ewe: deductions of anthelminthic interventions pre-and post-lambing on the development of anthelminthic resistance. N Z Vet J 54 ( 6 ) : 297-304. Leathwick, D. M. , T. S. Waghorn, et al. ( 2006 ) . Selective and on-demand soaking of lambs: Impact on parasite populations and public presentation of lambs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 54 ( 6 ) : 305-312. Lejambre, L. F. ( 1976 ) . Egg Hatch as an Invitro Assay of Thiabendazole Resistance in Nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 2 ( 4 ) : 385-391. Martin, P. J. , N. Anderson, et al. ( 1985 ) . Resistance to Benzimidazole Anthelmintics in Field Strains of Ostertagia and Nematodirus in Sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 62 ( 2 ) : 38-43. Martin, P. J. and L. F. Lejambre ( 1979 ) . Larval Paralysis as an Invitro Assay of Levamisole and M

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Brain Anatomy and Relations with Skull - Article Example Most students should see that there are skulls which satisfy some of the criteria but not others; that is, there are forms intermediate between human' and non human' (Nickels, 1987). If the concept of a graduation of forms is accepted, then the further question what came first, a large brain or an upright stance' will bring out ideas on how and why this evolution occurred as it apparently did. Of course this approach concentrates entirely on fossil morphology. Modern ideas on human evolution are based on a variety of forms of evidence addition to morphology: molecular clocks' such 2 interspecies differences in DNA and haemoglol anthropological observations on apes and primitive hunter-gatherers; tools; preserved footprints; and considerations of climate and likely competitors. These factors should all be mentioned, but from the classroom point of view they do not have the convenience and concrete appeal of the skulls. It is not intended to cover the topic of the human evolutionary pathway comprehensively here. Recent and interesting accounts of the fossil record and prehistory of man can be found in Day (1984), Leakey and Lewin (1977), Lewin (1984), Lambert (1987), Putnam (1988), Stringer (1985), and Weaver (1985). The skull casts used in this exercise need to be reasonably accurate copies of genuine fossils which are as old (with due allowance for experimental error) as claimed. Some casts are partially restored and it is reasonable to accept restorations which are soundly based on drawings, photographs, and casts of related fossil material. Opponents of evolutionary theory may dispute this approach on the grounds that the fossils are forgeries or that the dating methods are in error. The history of Piltdown man' earlier this century lends some plausibility to the claims of forgery, but with recent advances in dating methods a modern Piltdown' would not survive for very long (Weiner, 1955). And if dating methods are so inaccurate that an object only 6000 years old is dated at 600 000 years then the validity of the large areas of chemical, physical, and geological theory and practice that underpin those methods must be called into question. Of course, it must be emphasized that while the eviden ce currently available to us suggests that a special creation some 6000 years ago is improbable, it does not, and cannot, show that it is impossible. Nor does the evidence necessarily contradict the concept that the universe as a whole and the laws that govern it were created a long time ago. There are large gaps in the fossil record and it is sometimes claimed that this shows that there is in fact no link between a recent animal and its postulated ancestor. However, it is hardly surprising that there are such gaps in the record. Consider the sequence of events in the formulation of a fossil. After the animal dies it is almost certain to be torn apart by carnivores and scavengers and its bones might be distributed widely. If the bones are

Leisure and recreation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leisure and recreation - Essay Example The media boom has definitely resulted in the "active" forms of entertainment taking a back seat. Leisure is time spent in non-compulsory activities. Because leisure time is free from compulsory activities such as job, running a business, performing daily chores, academics and other routine tasks, it is often referred to as "free time". The distinction between leisure and compulsory activities is not strict, as compulsory activities may be done for pleasure as well as for long-term utility1. Capitalist societies often hold a positive view towards active leisure activities. Many active leisure activities require an investment of time and money. Thus, it is more difficult for the e lesser privileged to engage in such activities and they remain confined only to the affluent section of the society. Capitalist societies often accord members who have more wealth with greater status. Some types of inactive leisure that also require an investment of time and money, such as "doing nothing" in a vacation atmosphere, are also viewed positively. On the other hand, an individual who "does nothing" at home is often referred to as "lazy" by others in the capitalist society, regardless of their financial and socio-economic status. The wealthy person who does nothing but lounge around the pool at home is seen as lazy. However, the individual's financial investment helps assess the level of status an activity can give a person. So it is that "doing nothing" by your own pool has higher status than "doing nothing" watching television without cable. The term "Workaholics" describes those who work compulsively at the expense of other activities. These individuals prefer to work rather than spend time socializing and engaging in other leisure activities. Many see this as a necessary sacrifice to attain high-ranking corporate positions. However, these days increasing attention is being given to the effects of such imbalance upon the worker and the family. Historically, "workaholics" would not have been considered a negative asset , rather they would have been highly commended in the US. In earlier days, American society was driven by the Protestant work ethic which was inspired by the Protestant preacher John Calvin. There are a variety of Protestant sects that stem from Calvinism. A socialist society would probably tend to view activities that do not contribute to society in a negative manner. However, there are different forms of socialism. According to Kent State University professor Marcus Verhaegh, there were Americans who believed in the concept of leisure socialism in the 1960s and '70s. The general belief was that we live in a world of plenty. Thus, if everyone is content with a smaller piece of the pie, everyone can then have their basic needs met. If everyone's basic needs are met, many in society can use their free time to pursue the arts, mysticism, athletics, various hobbies and other leisure activities. Socialist writer E. Belfort Bax wrote in 1884 of a similar vision for socialist Europe in the article "Socialism and the Sunday Question" for Justice Again that work should be spread about so that everyone is provided with times of rest. His focus was on the elimination of one universal day of rest, but the general ideas are quite similar to those that emerged in nineteenth century America. Recreation is defined as the employment of time in a non-profitable way, in many ways also a therapeutic refreshment of one's body

1st Warren Buffet and 2nd Hershey Foods Case Study

1st Warren Buffet and 2nd Hershey Foods - Case Study Example Value investors like Buffet target such companies because they have been undervalued in the market. This causes unusual shift of stock investment in the company. When this happens, the values of such companies are deflated and that is when a value investor strikes. The intrinsic value is a company’s stocks, assets and product value. This value may or may not be the same as the current market value. Intrinsic value is different from stock price in the sense that stock price is not used to determine the intrinsic value of a company. A company’s stock price in the stock market might be high or low when analyzed based on intrinsic value. Despite the benefits of acquiring undervalued companies, Value investors, so much consumed in finding ‘value’ in the stock market generally fail to notice some big risks that misguide in making judgments. Such risks include â€Å"value traps† where stocks of a company continue to fall. The other risk is the fact that the returns may be lower that the investment growth. Apart from that, determining the intrinsic value is subjective and varies. This is due to the fact that there are no standard criteria to determine it. Decision can be made based on findings from one analyst and this might turn out to be wrong. Through his multinational holding company Berkshire Hathaway, Buffet has invested in major corporations all over the world. These include; GEICO insurance, National Indemnity Company, Justin Brands, Nebraska Furniture Mart , American Express, The Coca Cola Company, Wells Fargo and Company among others. American Express is one of America’s leading credit card service providers. Buffet owns 14.8% of this finance corporation. Over the past months, the company lost partnership with Costco wholesale that opted to start working with Visa. The loss at Costco is more substantial, but the partnership contract is valid till early 2016. Berkshire has increased its equity share

Leisure and recreation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leisure and recreation - Essay Example The media boom has definitely resulted in the "active" forms of entertainment taking a back seat. Leisure is time spent in non-compulsory activities. Because leisure time is free from compulsory activities such as job, running a business, performing daily chores, academics and other routine tasks, it is often referred to as "free time". The distinction between leisure and compulsory activities is not strict, as compulsory activities may be done for pleasure as well as for long-term utility1. Capitalist societies often hold a positive view towards active leisure activities. Many active leisure activities require an investment of time and money. Thus, it is more difficult for the e lesser privileged to engage in such activities and they remain confined only to the affluent section of the society. Capitalist societies often accord members who have more wealth with greater status. Some types of inactive leisure that also require an investment of time and money, such as "doing nothing" in a vacation atmosphere, are also viewed positively. On the other hand, an individual who "does nothing" at home is often referred to as "lazy" by others in the capitalist society, regardless of their financial and socio-economic status. The wealthy person who does nothing but lounge around the pool at home is seen as lazy. However, the individual's financial investment helps assess the level of status an activity can give a person. So it is that "doing nothing" by your own pool has higher status than "doing nothing" watching television without cable. The term "Workaholics" describes those who work compulsively at the expense of other activities. These individuals prefer to work rather than spend time socializing and engaging in other leisure activities. Many see this as a necessary sacrifice to attain high-ranking corporate positions. However, these days increasing attention is being given to the effects of such imbalance upon the worker and the family. Historically, "workaholics" would not have been considered a negative asset , rather they would have been highly commended in the US. In earlier days, American society was driven by the Protestant work ethic which was inspired by the Protestant preacher John Calvin. There are a variety of Protestant sects that stem from Calvinism. A socialist society would probably tend to view activities that do not contribute to society in a negative manner. However, there are different forms of socialism. According to Kent State University professor Marcus Verhaegh, there were Americans who believed in the concept of leisure socialism in the 1960s and '70s. The general belief was that we live in a world of plenty. Thus, if everyone is content with a smaller piece of the pie, everyone can then have their basic needs met. If everyone's basic needs are met, many in society can use their free time to pursue the arts, mysticism, athletics, various hobbies and other leisure activities. Socialist writer E. Belfort Bax wrote in 1884 of a similar vision for socialist Europe in the article "Socialism and the Sunday Question" for Justice Again that work should be spread about so that everyone is provided with times of rest. His focus was on the elimination of one universal day of rest, but the general ideas are quite similar to those that emerged in nineteenth century America. Recreation is defined as the employment of time in a non-profitable way, in many ways also a therapeutic refreshment of one's body

Children Discipline for a Negative Behavior Essay

Children Discipline for a Negative Behavior - Essay Example (Michael and Pearl) lay stress on the fact that one of the major reasons why most of the parents get exasperated and end up beating up their children is because they never take care to discipline them in their early stages and keep waiting for the time until their children start displaying negative behavior. First, they are themselves not highly responsible about meeting up with many needs and demands of their children owing to their excessively busy schedule and consequently, when things start spiraling out of control, they think of no other option but to beat up their children in the hope that this way, they will learn their lessons fast. This is a deplorable strategy practiced by many parents. What is needed is that the emotional maturity level of the parents should be much higher than their child’s, so that they can keep up with the demands of their child in an effective manner. After implementing this strategy, a couple suggested in the research report that â€Å"I can't believe it; we went to a friend's house, and when I told my children to do something, they immediately, without question, obeyed.† (DrSears.com) illuminates the need to discipline the children with love and understanding by presenting a real example of a mother who loved to discipline her child by regular spanking and physical abuse. In fact, that mother was so over indulged by disciplining children with violence that she had a firm belief that spanking should be an undisputed part of any disciplinary strategy.

Sociology Reflection Essay Example for Free

Sociology Reflection Essay It is through sociology that scientific study of the great social institutions and the relation of the individual to each is being made. The home and family ,the school and education,the church and religion, the state and government ,industry and work ,the community and association, these are institutions through which society functions. Sociology studies these institutions and their role in the development of the individual and suggests suitable measures for restrengthening them with a view to enable them to serve the individual better. The study of sociology helps us to know not only our society and man but also others, their motives, aspirations, status, occupations, traditions, customs, institutions, cultures etc. In a huge industrialized society, our experience is comparatively limited. We can hardly have a comprehensive knowledge of our society and rarely have an idea regarding other societies. But we must have some insight into an appreciation of the motives by which others live and the conditions under which they exist. Such an insight we derive from the study of sociology. Sociology is essentially the study of human interaction. With this in mind, you can apply sociology theories and ideas to any scenario of daily life dealing with person to person interaction or even to an individual in regards to the society. For example, when you meet with a friend you treat that friend a certain way. Your actions usually fall between the social norms of society. Meaning you wont be overly mean or overly nice to your friend. Relating to social norms is the idea of conformity. You may find yourself doing things you might not normally do just because others are doing it. A good example of this is sitting in a classroom and responding to a teacher’s question. If a teacher asks to see a show of hands of who agrees with a certain idea or thought and you go to raise your hand but you see that no one else has raised their hand, its likely that youll hold back and agree with the other side of the argument or not raise your hand at all. Well, everything takes place in a sociological context. When you are managing a company, you are managing people (employees and customers) and trying to meet needs and wants. Knowing about the groups you are dealing with helps you manage more effectively because you are more in tune with what people value and how they interact. These are group tendencies of course, and individuals will each bring their unique perspective. Business is constantly changing, effecting and influencing society on a daily basis. When I first studied Business I was drawn to studying the way decisions within a business could affect another business or other social institutions such as the family or education. I believe that despite the fact our society is technologically advanced, all businesses are reliant on positive, social interactions and because of this, businesses must nurture and protect their staff. Communication, interaction and positive social relations are key to a business being successful. The dynamic relationships between businesses and people and the effects these relationships can have, fascinate me.

Genre Study: The Romance Comedy

Genre Study: The Romance Comedy The thesis introduces some basic conceptions of genre and then generally analyzes the features of the US and UK film genre especially in terms of romance comedy of US and UK film. The author uses Love Actually and Pretty Woman as two examples to represent UK and US romance comedy respectively. Love Actually was acted by many outstanding actors and actresses like Hugh Grant, Emma Thompson, Mr. Bean (Rowan Atkinson), Alan Rickman, etc, which makes the movie an all-star lineup. However, pretty Woman doesnt fall behind. It was acted by Hollywood movie star Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. By comparing the two representatives, it is not difficult to arrive at the conclusion that UK romance comedy is more realism while the other is more idealism. I believe it more or less has something related to their different cultures and national characters. British people are more conservative than Americans so their romance is closer to life, its better for audience to find the real love in reality be cause some plot of the movie just like a familiar one happened in neighborhood. It reflects some true situation in real life. Pretty Woman is a bit like the realization of American Dream to American people; the movie makes the fairy tale dream become true. Thats why these two movies are excellent learning materials for romance genre study. When talking about film genre, there is no reason not to mention the etymology of genre, which comes from French (originally Latin) word meaning type or kind. With the word genre coming into use of English, it is not hard to come across literacy genre, genres in painting etc, however, this paper mainly emphasizes on film genre. How we define genre is depending on our purposes. Film genre is closely connected with the aspect of audiences common knowledge and their expectations, that is, how audience recognizes and understands movie. As Alastair Fowler said that readers learn genres gradually, usually through unconscious familiarization, I put forward the idea that audience use genre to distinguish a particular movie and it makes a genre a code between producers and viewers in the text of a specific movie. When I start to analyze US film genre, I cant ignore the impact of Hollywood, which produces a large amount of blockbuster through the whole world, to name but a few, Gone With the Wind, The Sound of Music, Titanic, The Lord of the King, Avatar In Hollywood movie, the leading genres are action-adventure, comedy, science fiction, teenpics, war films, westerns, melodrama and so on. It is universally acknowledged that love is indispensable in humans lifeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’so its always the source material for literature and art creation. There is no doubt that love is always the eternal theme of movie, thats why the box of romance story is on the glory trail for long years. In some other film genre, romance is supposed to be the sub-genre, which makes romantic thriller, romantic drama, action romance and romantic comedy. And even in Titanic this kind of disaster film, romance is an important element which runs through the whole movie. At different time peoples outlook of love reflect their mo ral value at that time. The production of movie is usually based on the characteristic temper of an age to highlight the theme of the time. During the Second World War period, Gone with the Wind, Casablanca, For Whom the Bell Tolls are popular films because they shoot at the real background of the society, which reveals the changing life brought by the war. While in the period of 90th century, Youve Got a Mail, Message in a Bottle, A Walk in the clouds these new time romance come into the big screen. Especially in Youve Got a Mail internet has become a bridge between the hero and heroine, besides that the film also reflects cyber romance in real life. As it goes to nowadays romance, it becomes much more incredible and extraordinary just like Across the Universe, Sliding Doors, twilight. When I continue to analyze the UK film genre, there are three main characteristics going as follows. First of all it inherits and develops the realistic tradition of English drama. For instance, Gandhi, A Passage to India, Gosford Park represent the introspection of the history and culture of colonial domination; the Bridge on the River Kwai, the Private Life of Henry VIII, the Queen criticize the corrupt customs of old value and national characters; the Land Girls, Love Actually promote the standard civilization of mainstream society; Four weddings and a Funeral, Mr. Bean advocate the optimistic attitude towards life. Secondly, UK movie is keen on the artistic characteristics of English drama, leading to the high artistic value in either shooting or performance, especially the gentleman style in acting. It also explains why many English films win the Academy Award such as The English patient, Shakespeare in Love. The last but not least, it adapts some literary masterpiece and many o f them stay famous with the original work. Tess is revised from Hardy; Oliver Twist is revised from Charles Dickens; Sense and Sensibility is converted from Jane Austin. When all the above-mentioned factors are taken into consideration, a conclusion could be drawn that UK films are more traditional and retain some features of English drama. Hereinafter I will illustrate Love Actually and Pretty Woman to analysis the features of UK and US romance comedy respectively and compare their similarities and distinctions. Love actually is one of the most successful English romance comedies which breaks the record of Bridget Joness Diary and wins the top-grossing movie release in ever. It is made up of ten separate stories but also there are small connections among those stories at the background of traditional festival-Christmas. In fact the name of the movie love actually means Love is actually around, so the whole melody of the movie is immersed in warm and love. The beginning and ending part take place at Heathrow Airport where passengers part or reunite with their family or friends. Fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, husband and wife, boyfriends, girlfriends and old friends, they smile, embrace or kiss each other, making the airport cozy beautiful place. Love is found everywhere. Our eyes do not show a lack of sense of love, but lack of observation. This film reflects different kind of outlook of love in UK society. Love is around no matter who you are and what social class you come from. Even you are the prime minister of the United Kingdom; you may fall in love with your assistant. The director just suggests that there is no hierarchy, no stratum in love, everyone is equal at the front of love; love makes people closer to each other and makes them come together no matter what their identities are. Love is around no matter which country you are from and what language you are speaking. Love has no boundaries. The little boy confesses his feelings to the African-American girl at the encouragement of his stepfather. Love is brave, there are neither skin colors nor races in love, and we all cheer for the little boy because of his braveness. Totally there are ten stories and everyone can find some touching details in some stories because they are closely related to our life and I believe thats why it s not the same as Hollywood romance comedy, its special gentleman style humor and lightly moving plot are not like a raging flame but can still give us warm and power. It makes audience feel comfortable and full of confidence that love is everywhere. Be generous and gratitude to life because love is always around us. It is a movie but it is also like what happened in our own life. Apart from the romance story in the film, we can find the epitome of British politics and the relationship between British and American. A friend who bullies us is no longer a friend. Bring out their opinion that they dont want to be an attendant of America. We can still catch the satire that Englishman used to show disagreement with American and their pop culture. They laugh at Americans arbitrariness and their open culture. Satire is one way of English humor. As is known to us, comedy is very influential in English film industry because the nation feels proud of their sense of humor. Mr. Bean has become the stereotype of comedy and Rowan Atkinsons face represent funny and humor. When he showed up in a movie we can predict that something interesting will happen. So even he shows up several minutes in Love Actually, he still creates happiness to the audience. On the other hand, Pretty Woman is a typical Cinderella Hollywood style romance comedy. Hao Jian claims Pretty Woman is a romantic film and studies how this movie leads the audience to enjoy the visual and ideological pleasure through inserting typical movie language. He argues the directors use of movie language and the like zero cut is a strategy to remove barriers between the characters and the audience. (Hao Jian,2002) Since there is no denying that characters are the souls of movie, this paper mainly focuses on characters personalities to conclude the genre features instead of the angle from shooting methods like montage etc. Edward represents prototype of the upper class while Vivian represents the working class in US. From my point of view, American romance comedy is more idealized just like a fairy tale and a wonderful dream because girls are eager to encounter her prince of charming like Edward and boys want to be successful and have the social status as Edward. That is to s ay, American romance story is more idealism so that the heroes and heroine are so glorious that audience wish they could become them. Vivian, the pretty woman in the movie, though she doesnt have a decent occupation, she still has her own qualities, which attract the perfect hero and win his love. I analyzed the heroine and find she has four qualities that makes she become the princess. To start with, she is frank and honest, so that she always expresses her feelings directly and doesnt hide her opinions. Next, although she is a prostitute, she still has self-respect. When she lives a comfortable life provided by Edward she still prepares to leave because all she wants is not just material things. Thirdly, she is a lovely woman, which can be drawn from her cute actions and innocent dialogue. At last, she creates her own idealism when she is a street girl and luckily her dreams come true. In real life its hard to imagine a millionaire falls in love with a prostitute, but just because of the mode of Cinderella and the prince of modern time makes audiences wish come true, the film becomes a very popular one even until today. Pretty Woman still makes sense in our society; the vision of love differs in our time. Now it seems that status, fortune and appearance have become some necessaries in matching love. Love is no longer pure love; people become together with clear intensions, for instance, the insurance of life, the standard of consumptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It seems that people now regard marriage as a relationship instead of an institution. In the movie it tells us that family background, job, features are not so important, the most important thing is ones inner world, pure soul and warm heart. Pretty Woman inherits the traditional mode of US romance comedy, which contains handsome man, hot figure woman and happy ending story. However, this movie also praises female while some other US film would show sympathy of female like Thelma and Louise, the Color Purple and so on. All in all, Pretty Woman is a very classic Hollywood movie which is beneficial for us to study film genre of romance comedy of American. Conclusion Through the further discovery of genre study, it helps us obtain some fundamental conception of film genre in terms of romance comedy. Film genre is a long journey that in this paper I only underline a small aspect of film genre. As far as I am concerned, romance comedy is so popular that this film genre can always attract audiences attention and sit in the cinema to enjoy the movie. However, Love actually and Pretty Woman are just two stereotypes of romance comedy. There are numerous films of this type, if we want to draw more conclusions we always have many options since If Only, Five first dates, Sleepless in Seattle,etc, are classic romance story worth watching. Bibiliography: UK Film Council. http://sy10.ukfilmcouncil.ry.com/Default.asp An introduction to genre theory. Daniel Chandler. American Film Genres: Approach to a critical theory of Popular Film. Kaminsky, Stuart M. Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Bignell, Jonathan. Manchester University Press. 1997 Film Genre Study. HaoJian. Beijing University Press. 2002 The Film Genre Book. John Sanders. Auteur Publishing. 2009 Film Genre 2000:New Critical Essays. Wheeler Winston Dixon. State University of New York Press.2000 Film Genre:Hollywood and Beyond. Barry Langford. Edinburgh University Press. 2005 Romance Fiction: A guide to the genre. Kristin Ramsdell. Englewood,Colo. 1999

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

The fiction book that I am doing my book report is on the novel, Animal Farm. This book was written by George Orwell in 1946. The setting of my book took place in a farm called â€Å"Manor Farm† during the Russian Revolution ear. The characters are basically farm animals. Some of these animals’ names are Old Major, Snowball, and Napoleon. They are all pigs from the farm. The animals on the farm get tired of how they are getting badly treated. So they end up overthrowing their farm owner Mr. Jones. After they overthrow their owner, the pigs start taking over the farm and taking control over all the other animals in the farm. Old Major was one of the oldest pigs in the farm. He was a very smart pig. He would tell the other animals how they were suppose to be living, how they were suppose to be getting treated and how they were suppose to get rid of their owner. One day Old Major was going to tell the animals what they must do and Old Major dies. Once Old Major dies the animals start fighting back against Mr. Jones. The animals even ended up getting rid of Mr. Jones. After Old Major died Napoleon and Snowball took over everything. Snowball didn’t last long on being one of the leaders with Napoleon. Napoleon ended up getting rid of Snowball too. Napoleon turned out to be an evil pig. He was just turning just like the humans in the book. Napoleon became a very mean pig that he ended up lying to all the farm animals and saying one thing and then doing another thing. Napoleon mainly just be treated the animals and started treating them bad. He would treat them like slaves in other words. So ever since the animals started to take control of the farm and the animals they finished up changing everything. The animals even ended up changing the farms name from â€Å"Manor Farm† to â€Å"Animal Farm†. But out of all the animals in the farm the smartest animals were the pigs. And the meanest pig out of all of them was Napoleon. Everything was a mess in the farm ever since the pigs got rid of Mr. Jones. Later on Mr. Jones tires to come back and get back his farm but the pigs did not let him. The book Animal Farm does not relate to me in any way.

Self-Recognition and Embarrassment :: essays research papers

Self-Recognition and Embarrassment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our group’s task was to measure self-recognition and embarrassment in children ages 1-3. We had 3 children to work with, Arika was 9 months, Charlotte was 17 months and Lydia was 28 months old. We preformed 3 tasks on these children. The first was the â€Å"Overcompliment situation†. Secondly, we did the â€Å"Mirror situation† and last we did the â€Å"Request to dance situation†. Our findings in these situations lead us to some conclusions about self-awareness and feeling embarrassed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The procedure we used was a fairly simple one, but it needed to be followed to get accurate results. The first task we did was the Overcompliment situation. With the hidden video camera running, we played with the children for a few minutes so they could get as used to us as they would in that short period of time. Then we proceeded to give them compliment after compliment, for example; â€Å"you are so pretty†, â€Å"good job†, â€Å"you’re doing great†. After doing this you should feel a little embarrassed yourself. This task is used to see how the child reacts to the barrage of compliments. If they keep playing as they were, make eye contact periodically, they most likely weren’t embarrassed. But if they keep their head down away from the experimenter or have a silly, self-conscious smile they probably are embarrassed. Our first Overcompliment experiment was with Charlotte. She showed no reaction to Kellie giving her numerous compliments; she just played without even looking at her. This does not necessarily mean that Charlotte had no feelings about Kellie’s compliments; in fact it probably means that she was more embarrassed than anything. When it was Lydia’s turn to go Mia and I watched her play for a few minutes, then began the onslaught of compliments. Lydia didn’t even acknowledge the fact that we were speaking to her. I think she did realize that we were saying how good she was doing and because of that she played more aggressively. She never looked at either of us, she never looked to her mother for comfort or to see why these people were saying these things to her, she just kept playing with her trains. Table 1 Age in months  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reaction 21-24  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¾ of all children 20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was common, but not expected 15-18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¼ of all children 9-12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No children reacted   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second task was the mirror situation. This experiment was first done by R. Amsterdam in 1972 on Chimpanzees.